A synthesizer (or synthesiser) is an electronic instrument capable of producing a variety of sounds by generating and combining signals of different frequencies. A modern digital synthesizer uses a frequency synthesizer microprocessor component to calculate mathematical functions, which generate signals of different frequencies. There are three main types of synthesizers, which differ in operation: analog, digital and software-based. Synthesizers create electrical signals, rather than direct acoustic sounds, which are then amplified through a loudspeaker or set of headphones.
Synthesizers are typically controlled with a piano-style keyboard, in which each key functions as a switch to turn electronic circuits on and off. This has led to the instruments also sometimes being referred to simply as "keyboards". Although keyboards are the most common control interface, other devices such as saxophone-style wind controllers, MIDI-equipped electric guitars, drum pads or computers are used to control synthesizers. Synthesizers can produce a wide range of sounds, which can either imitate other instruments or generate unusual new timbres.
The first electric synthesizer was invented in 1876 by Elisha Gray, who is best known for his development of a telephone prototype. Robert Moog created a revolutionary synthesizer which was used by Wendy Carlos's Switched-On Bach (1968) a popular recording which introduced many musicians to the sound of synthesizers. In the 1970s, the development of miniaturized solid-state components allowed synthesizers to become self-contained, portable instruments, which made them easier to use in live performances. By the early 1980s, companies such as Yamaha began selling compact, modestly priced synthesizers such as the DX7, and MIDI (Musical Instrument Digital Interface) was developed, which made it easier to integrate and synchronize synthesizers with other electronic instruments. In the 1990's complex synthesizers no longer required specialist hardware and began to appear as software for the PC, often as hardware emulators with on-screen knobs and panels.
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